Cuba form of government. Cuba - Republic of Cuba

The political regime of the Republic of Cuba has come a long way in its formation. The formation began with the revolution on October 10, 1868. When Carlos Manuel De Cespedes led his countrymen to revolt against Spanish rule. The struggle continued for ten years. From 1868 to 1878, Cuban rebels fought the Spanish under the slogan “Independence or Death!” . On April 10, 1869, the first Constitution of Cuba was adopted. She proclaimed the freedom of black slaves. Thousands of blacks became rebels, but were defeated. Among the reasons for the defeat were the inconsistency of leaders and the disunity of various regions of the country. In addition, the Spaniards had approximately twenty times more troops than the rebels.

But the struggle for independence did not stop. The ideologist, organizer and inspirer of the new struggle was Jose Marti. Cuban poet, writer and publicist, leader of the Cuban liberation movement from Spain. Nicknamed "Apostle of Independence". In 1892, he created the first revolutionary party. In April 1895, Jose Martí's troops landed in Cuba and began active military operations. On May 19, 1895, Jose Marti died in a battle with the Spaniards. But the rebel struggle continued, covering more and more areas of the country. On September 16, 1895, the rebels proclaimed the creation of an independent Cuban Republic and its separation from Spain.

Due to the global crisis of 1929-1933, the economy of the Republic of Cuba was in significant decline. On March 10, 1952, General Batista carried out a military coup and seized power, and Fidel Castro and his associates began creating a revolutionary underground youth organization. A plan for organizing armed struggle was developed. On July 26, 1953, a column of cars with rebels moved in the direction of Satyago de Cuba. The uprising was brutally suppressed by the superior forces of the dictatorship of General Batista. Fidel Castro and his associates were forced to flee to Mexico. There they began preparing a new armed uprising. In Mexico, they were joined by the Argentine doctor Ernesto Che Guevara. Latin American revolutionary, commander Cuban Revolution and Cuban statesman. On November 25, 1956, a schooner secretly departed from the coast of Mexico and on December 2, Fidel Castro’s detachment began fighting with Batista’s troops. General Batista's attempts to defeat the rebel army with the help of American weapons completely failed. The Batista regime was defeated. The Cuban Revolution at its initial stage completely restored national sovereignty, destroyed the existing state apparatus, eliminated the US monopoly and the exploitation of workers.

According to the 1976 Constitution and its new version in 1992, Cuba is a “socialist state.” The supreme body of power is the National Assembly of People's Power, which is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term. The Assembly elects from among its members the State Council, which represents it between sessions, carries out its decisions and performs other functions. The Council is responsible to and reports to the Assembly.

The Chairman of the State Council heads the government and at the same time is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, convenes and leads meetings of the State Council and the Council of Ministers, issues laws, decrees, other decrees and regulations approved by the State Council and the Council of Ministers.

The Chairman of the Council of State since 1976 is Fidel Castro Ruz, who has headed the Cuban government since 1959. After the overthrow of General Fulgencio Batista, F. Castro became the head of the Cuban government, and in 1965 - Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. The power of the head of state, government, ruling party and armed forces is concentrated in his hands. In 2003, he was again elected Chairman of the State Council.

In the event of the absence or illness of the chairman of the State Council, the first deputy chairman, who is the second official in the state, must perform his duties. This post is occupied by F. Castro's brother, Raul Castro Rus. He is simultaneously the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba, the first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and the minister of the armed forces.

According to the constitution, all power in the Republic of Cuba belongs to the working people, who exercise it directly or through the Assembly of People's Power and other state bodies. Cuba is a presidential republic. The head of the state is the president, elected by universal suffrage and combining in one person the powers of the head of state and the head of the executive branch.

The supreme state power belongs to the National Assembly of People's Power. It represents and expresses the will of the entire working people. The National Assembly of People's Power is the only body with constituent and legislative power in the Republic. It consists of deputies elected by the municipal Assemblies of People's Power for a term of 5 years. This period can only be extended by resolution of the Assembly itself in the event of war or other exceptional circumstances. Thirty days after the election of all deputies to the National Assembly of People's Power, it meets under the chairmanship of the oldest deputy, who is assisted as secretaries by the two youngest deputies. At this meeting, the validity of the elections of deputies is verified. They take the oath and elect the Chairman, Deputy Chairman and Secretary of the National Assembly of People's Power, who immediately begin to perform their duties. The National Assembly of People's Power elects from among its deputies a State Council, which consists of a Chairman, First Deputy Chairman, five Vice-Chairmen, a Secretary and twenty-three other members. The Chairman of the State Council is the Head of State and Head of Government. The State Council is an organ of the National Assembly of People's Power, carries out its decisions and performs other functions that the Constitution vests it with.

The Council of Ministers is the highest executive and administrative body and forms the Government of the Republic. The Chairman, First Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers form its Executive Committee. Members of the Executive Committee monitor and coordinate the work of ministries and central departments across sectors. The Council of Ministers is responsible and periodically reports on all its activities to the National Assembly of People's Power.

According to the constitution, the function of justice originates with the people and is exercised on their behalf by the People's Supreme Court and other courts established by law. The People's Supreme Court exercises the highest judicial power, in which case its decisions are final. The courts form a system of government bodies, which is subordinate only to the National Assembly of People's Power and the State Council.

Thus, two branches of power (executive and legislative) are concentrated in the hands of one person, specifically the head of state, since he is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (executive body) and Chairman of the State Council (legislative body). This indicates the centralization of power, which is typical for a state with an authoritarian regime of power. However, the highest authority (the National Assembly) continues to be an elected body, which means that the people can, to some extent, control government power. In addition, state bodies carry out their activities on the basis of the principles of socialist democracy, unity of power and democratic centralism.

Administratively, Cuba is divided into 14 provinces and a special municipality - Isla Juventud (Island of Youth). The provinces, in turn, are divided into municipalities. Local government bodies are provincial and municipal assemblies elected by general vote. The term of office of provincial bodies is 5 years, municipal - 2.5 years. The “Committees for the Defense of the Revolution,” created after 1960, play an important role in the provinces. They carry out constant surveillance to maintain order, organize vaccination of the population, maintain cleanliness, and so on.

The highest bodies of state power at the local level are the Assembly of Delegates of People's Power. Local People's Power Assemblies are vested with the highest authority to carry out government functions in their respective administrative units. Through the bodies they form, they manage the economic organizations directly subordinate to them in the spheres of production and services. Develop activities necessary to meet the needs of the population of the territory, over which the jurisdiction of each Assembly extends, in the fields of supplies, culture, education and entertainment. In addition, they provide assistance in the development of activities and implementation of plans to organizations located in the territory under the jurisdiction of the Assemblies, but not subordinate to them. To carry out their functions, local Assemblies of People's Power rely on the initiative and broad participation of the population and act in close cooperation with public organizations.

After 1959, political parties opposed to Fidel Castro's government were dissolved. Only three pro-government organizations officially continued their activities. "26 July Movement", led by F. Castro himself, the "People's Socialist Party (Communist)" and the "Revolutionary Directorate of March 13". In 1961, they merged into the United Revolutionary Organizations, transformed in 1962-1963 into the United Party of the Socialist Revolution of Cuba (abbreviated as EPSRK). Since then, Cuba has had a one-party regime.

The Communist Party of Cuba was formed in October 1965 on the basis of the EPSRK, but its first congress was held only in 1975, the second in 1980. The ideology of the CCP is based on the “ideas of José Martí” and Marxism-Leninism. According to the Constitution, the party plays a leading role in society and the political system. Trade unions, youth, women's and other public organizations operate under its control.

In 1985, Cuba passed an association law. In accordance with it, the Social Democratic Party of Cuba, the Cuban Party for Human Rights and others tried to officially register, but they were all refused. The opposition in Cuba (human rights, social democratic, pacifist, liberal, anarchist, and so on) operates illegally and is persecuted.

The official program of the CCP was adopted at the third congress in 1986. The Fourth Congress, which took place in 1991 amid the collapse of the USSR, advocated economic reforms, opened up the party to believers, and gave emergency powers to the Central Committee. The new program of the CPC, in essence, was the document “The Party of Unity, Democracy and Human Rights We Protect,” adopted by the Fifth Congress in 1997. The ultimate goal of the Cuban Communist Party, in accordance with the current program, is the construction of communism, and the historical goal at the present stage is the completion of the construction of socialism.

The 1997 convention reaffirmed one-party rule as "a fundamental principle of the Cuban Revolution." According to the leadership of the CPC, the one-party regime is a more perfect model than “formal bourgeois democracy”, and civil liberties cannot operate “contrary to the existence and goals of the socialist state.”

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that the Republic of Cuba has its own unique political system. This system has no analogues in the world. The Cuban political system emerged as a result of combining the characteristic features of other political systems. In Cuba, the rights and freedoms of the citizens of the republic are proclaimed, which characterizes it as a developed democratic state in which great importance is attached to the interests of the individual and society. But at the same time, almost all power is concentrated in one hand, which indicates the centralization of power characteristic of countries with an authoritarian regime. But still, the guarantees of human freedoms and dignity, the enjoyment of rights, the exercise and fulfillment of duties, the comprehensive development of the individual in Cuba are confirmed by law. The Republic of Cuba has achieved enormous, universally recognized successes in the social field. Cuba and the Cuban people have gone through a long and difficult path to building a socialist state. However, due to the specifics of this type of political system, the development of the economic sector is significantly slower. But the presence of a similar political system in a state like China opens up a wide range of opportunities for the Republic of Cuba.

Temperamental like the rhythm of salsa, elegant like an orchid flower, Cuba has always attracted tourists with the warmth and hospitality of the local people. Tourists who have visited Cuba at least once assure that after two days of staying in this beautiful country, you get the feeling that you are in a paradise... 0
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Cuba

Cuba is the largest island in the West Indies and one of the largest islands in the world. Resembling the shape of a crocodile, the long, narrow island is located in the western Caribbean Sea on the border of the Gulf of Mexico. The Cuban archipelago lies in the western Caribbean Sea. Due to its history, culture, language and customs, Cuba is part of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.

Geography of Cuba
Area – 110992 sq. km.
The highest point is Turkino Peak 1974 m.
The longest river is Cauto 370 km.

The length of the island is 1200 km, the width at its widest point is 210 km. The Cuban archipelago covers an area of 110,992 km2 and has more than 300 natural beaches covered with white sand and surrounded by crystal clear waters. The most famous beach in Cuba is Varadero. The landscapes of Cuba are very diverse. There are valleys, mountains, and hills. The country's main mountain ranges are the Cordillera de Guaniguanico in the west, the Escambray in the center and the Sierra Maestra in the east. The highest mountain in the country, Peak Turquino (1974 m above sea level), is also located in the Sierra Maestra mountains. The rest of the island is fertile plain.

On the island you can admire many caves. Most of the rivers in Cuba are small, but have a very fast flow. Rivers flow down from the mountains, forming beautiful waterfalls. Particularly interesting are the Agabama and Salto del Carbuni waterfalls. The longest river in Cuba is the Cauto (approximately 370 km), flowing in the eastern part of the island. There are many reservoirs and lakes in Cuba. Amateur ornithologists come here, since Cuba is a migration site for resettled birds.

National symbols of Cuba
Mariposa "snow-white butterfly", a variety of white ginger with a very delicate aroma. The national bird is the Tocororo, a Cuban trogan, a native bird whose plumage combines the colors of the Cuban flag. The national tree is the Royal Palm. These palms grow everywhere on the island.

Economy of Cuba
It is a centralized system, relying primarily on sugar production and tourism. The tourism industry is developing at a rapid pace. Canadian, Spanish, and European corporations are investing huge amounts of money in Cuba. In addition to sugar, Cuba produces tobacco, coffee, rum, honey, cocoa, and also grows citrus fruits. Cuba is a world leader in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Important sectors of the Cuban economy are the production of building materials, fishing, nickel mining (the country has the largest open reserves of nickel in the world), copper, magnesium and chromium. Another important source of income for the country is money sent by Cuban emigrants, most of them living in Florida, to relatives remaining in Cuba.

Flora and fauna of Cuba
It is distinguished by its richness and variety. There are more than 300 nature reserves, which occupy approximately 22% of the country's territory. UNESCO has declared six areas of Cuba as biosphere reserves: the Guanacabibes Peninsula, the Sierra del Rosario, the Ciénaga de Zapata national parks in the west, El Caguanes in the central part and the Baconao and Cuchillas del Toa parks in the east of the island. Four percent of the entire flora of our planet grows in Cuba. The most interesting types of Cuban vegetation are orchids, cacti and palm trees. Among the fauna there are endemic species, especially among reptiles and amphibians. The most typical species for Cuba are crocodiles, which are bred on special farms. More than 400 species of birds are found in Cuba, including extremely rare ones, such as the smallest bird in the world, the sunsuncito, or fly bird. The world’s smallest toad, a tiny “butterfly” bat and a scorpion, whose length does not exceed 14 mm, also live here.

History of Cuba
The written history of Cuba begins on October 28, 1492, when Christopher Columbus's caravels approached the island. Before this, Cuba was inhabited by three Indian tribes. The Guanatabeans were cave-dwelling gatherers, while the Siboneans were hunters and fishermen. The Indians of the tribe secretly engaged in agriculture. They moved to Cuba from the territory of modern Venezuela and were the most developed and largest group on the island.

Population of Cuba
It is more than 11.1 million people. The population density is 101 inhabitants per km 2. 75% of the island's population lives in cities, 25% in rural areas. Cuban cities are a mixture of architectural styles. The most populated provinces are Havana, where 2.2 million people live, Santiago de Cuba and Holguin, with a population of half a million people each. An amazing community of people has emerged in Cuba. White Europeans (mostly Spaniards), black descendants of African slaves and Asians from the Chinese community have long lived here. Today, half of Cubans are mulatto. Cubans are very sociable, talkative and cheerful.

Cuban lifestyle
This is one of the pleasures awaiting tourists. Cubans love nightlife. At night you can dance and listen to dream music. Music plays a very important role in the life of Cubans. You'll encounter a huge variety of musical styles, from traditional salsa to charanga and African rumba rhythms.

Religion of Cuba
The official widespread religion on the island is Catholicism. However, Afro-Cuban beliefs, called Santeria, in which the foundations of Catholicism and the cults of the Yoruba people living in Nigeria and Benin are intricately mixed, have a greater influence on Cuban culture. Religious rituals are performed directly in homes. Cubans set up altars at home and decorate them with the attributes of the god they prefer to worship.

Official language of Cuba
The official language is Spanish. In resort areas, English, German, and Italian are widely used. Cubans are a proud people. They really want to make a good impression on foreigners and try to speak English: but if you say even a few words in broken Spanish, they will really love you. Cubans speak Spanish relatively quickly compared to other Latin Americans.

Time
It lags behind Kyiv by 7 hours, and by 8 hours from Moscow.

Currency unit
The currency is the Cuban Peso (CUP), equal to 100 centavos. There are banknotes of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos, as well as coins of 1 and 3 pesos. There are coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5 and 20 cents.

Tourists should only pay in currencies, mainly Euros or US dollars, so it is advisable to carry more small bills with you.

When you change, you may be given the so-called Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC). This type of peso is equal to the dollar: 1:1. This is a new Cuban banknote that has nothing in common with the “wooden” Cuban peso. These banknotes are accepted everywhere and are exchanged on the same basis as US dollars. Most ATMs only dispense convertible pesos, while the bank will give you both dollars and convertible pesos. To avoid getting into trouble, the convertible peso must have “convertible” written on it. As a rule, they are given in small bills of 1, 5, 10 pesos. The exchange rate of the old Cuban peso to the dollar is approximately 1:25. The convertible Cuban metal coin circulates on par with American cents. They often give change to both. Convertible pesos are not exchangeable outside of Cuba, so try to spend or exchange them before departure. Currency can be exchanged both at the hotel and at exchange offices that operate 24 hours a day.

Avoid travelers checks and American Express cards. The main international cards accepted in Cuba are VISA, MASTER, DINNER`s CLUB. Credit cards issued by any US bank are not accepted.

Tourist taxes
When leaving the country, an airport tax of 25 USD is paid. e

Car rental
It is very difficult for a foreigner to live without a car while in Cuba. In order to rent a car in Cuba, you will need a driver's license from your country or an international driver's license. You must be over 21 years old, and the rental company will require your passport.

There are several companies in Cuba that provide car rentals. The main rental companies in Cuba are “Transautos” and “Havanautos”. When you rent a car, make sure the tank is full so you don't have to rush around looking for gas on the first day. In general, renting a car is quite expensive (from $60). There are no particular problems with gasoline, although gas stations are much less common than we are used to. Outside of Havana, you can easily find gasoline for $0.50 per liter, but here you have to be careful not to spill donkey urine. In addition, before picking up the car, you need to carefully inspect it for defects, which should be noted in the contract. If the trip route involves traveling on roads with poor surfaces (trips along the coast, going to the beach), then you only need to take a jeep.

License plates on cars in Cuba have different colors, indicating their ownership: yellow - private, black - diplomatic, brown - rent-a-car. There are also red, blue... There are a lot of police in Havana, but they don’t touch cars with black and brown (tourist) license plates. If you clearly break the rules in the presence of a policeman, he has to turn away or lower his eyes - “I didn’t see anything, that’s why I didn’t whistle.” In addition, cars with such license plates enjoy certain benefits, such as travel through tunnels that connect parts of Havana that are closed for repairs, parking in unauthorized places, etc.

Bike
Many people travel around the city by bicycle. You can rent a bike from the Capri and Riviera hotels ($1 per hour) or from a local for $1 per day. You cannot leave your bike on the street. It’s better to do this at the bike rack for 1-2 pesos. For all problems with your bicycle (flat tire, puncture, unadjusted seat, etc.), contact the small Pocheria workshops.

Phones
Cuban telephone company - ETESCA. Telephone cards can be purchased from hotels, shops and ETESCA call centres.

If you are calling Cuba, dial the international dialing code (i.e. 10), then the country code (for Cuba 53), and then the local code and telephone number. The number of digits in local telephone numbers may vary depending on the size of the city.

Personal telephone calls in Cuba must be made through an operator and with prepayment.

Calls from abroad to Cuba: 10 – 53 - local code - local phone.

Calls from Cuba: 119 – country code – telephone number. For direct dialing: 0 – area code – telephone number

Gastronomy
The staples of Cuban cuisine are pork and chicken, cooked in various ways, rice and black beans. You can enjoy good seafood such as shrimp, lobsters, caguama (turtle meat), octopus in garlic sauce (we recommend private restaurants that cook to a high standard and at reasonable prices). And, of course, exotic tropical fruits.

The shops
Some souvenirs from Cuba include black coral and jewelry made from it, products made from tortoise shell (especially bracelets and hairpins), coffee and handicrafts. Jewelry made from black coral in gold or silver frames, as well as items made from tortoiseshell. Don't forget to buy one or two bottles of unique Cuban rum and real Cuban cigars. When purchasing products made from crocodile skin, ask the seller for an export license, otherwise this souvenir will be confiscated during customs control. A good gift from Cuba would also be a tumbadora or bongo - percussion musical instruments used in African melodies. Another gift is the guayabera, a shirt worn by officials in the tropics.

And, of course, you cannot ignore cigars and rum (a bottle of rum costs from 5 USD). To buy good cigars or get acquainted with their production, you can contact Real Fabrica de Tabaco Partagas (c.Industria, 524). The shop on the ground floor of the factory sells all types of Cuban cigars. The most expensive are Cohiba Lanceros ($230 for 5 pieces).

It is better to purchase food in stores or supermarkets. In INTUR tiendas stores you can buy food, clothing, medicine, electronics and souvenirs for foreign currency. You will probably have to use currency shops, since pesos can only buy books and medicine.

Cuban cigars
It is difficult to give a definite answer to the question of what motivates cigar fans when choosing a particular cigar. But many experts are of the opinion that Cuban-made cigars are superior to all other cigars in quality and taste. There is something elusive about Cuban cigars that gives them that famous range of qualities so valued by connoisseurs. The bright Cuban sun, special air humidity, rich fertile soil, experienced hands of craftsmen? Probably, all this and much more made Cuban cigars the most famous, a symbol of quality and style.

It is prohibited to import: fresh products, plants, drugs and pornographic materials, medicines without indicating the manufacturer's brand, cars, motorcycles and spare parts for them. The export of: song and exotic birds, bark and wood of valuable species, leather and feathers of exotic animals and birds, cultural property is prohibited. To export works of art from Cuba, you will need an official stamp authorizing the export. Such a document will be issued to you in most specialized stores. When leaving the country, a customs fee is charged.

Mode of stay and movement
There are no restrictions on movement around the country for Ukrainian and Russian citizens.

Lost things

To report the loss or theft of personal documents or items, contact the nearest police station or police officer. You may have to wait a long time for your application to be accepted. Remember to photocopy the main pages of your passport in case the original is lost.

Holidays and non-working days
Holidays Throughout the year, Cuba hosts many festivals, celebrations and fiestas.

January- January 1 (national holiday) – Liberation Day, 1959
February– International Book Exhibition
March- International Festival of Puppet Theaters
April– Celebration of Spanish-Cuban culture
May- May 1st International Workers' Day; May parades and celebrations; National Folk Dance Festival
June– Outdoor concerts; Havana Carnival; Festival of Cuban Rural Culture - (national holidays)
July- July 26 - Day of the National Uprising, 1953), Celebration of the Culture of the Caribbean Peoples; Carnival in Santiago de Cuba.
August- International Festival of Cuban Music.
September– Pilgrimage to the image of Our Lady of Cobre; Theater festival
October- October 10 (national holiday) Day of the beginning of the war for the independence of Cuba from Spain, 1868); Festival of Contemporary Music; Festival of Spanish Culture; International Ballet Festival.
November- Salon of contemporary Cuban art; Celebration of the founding of Havana; International festival of choral singing.
December- December 25 - (national holiday) Christmas; International Latin American Film Festival; Folk art festival.

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Cuba

Description of the country

If you want to experience paradise while you're alive, there's no better place than Cuba. Beautiful white sand beaches, clear sea water, coral reefs and shallows for fishing, rich exotic flora and fauna - this is not paradise. Temperamental like the rhythms of the cha-cha-cha, bright like the plumage of a hummingbird, elegant like an orchid flower, Cuba has always attracted thousands of tourists. But Cuba is not only about its magnificent nature, it is, first of all, about friendly and hospitable Cubans and a deep history. Many cities still preserve the traces and spirit of the Spanish conquerors, the memory of the raids of the corsairs. The world famous resort of Varadero is located 140 km from Havana on the Atlantic coast. The surroundings of Varadero are very picturesque, and the many kilometers of white sandy beaches and azure ocean waters attract thousands of tourists.

Cuba! A magical island separating the Atlantic from the Caribbean Sea, the bottom of which is literally covered with treasures... A neighbor of Haiti, Jamaica and Mexico, it attracts not only with its tropical exoticism, but also with the special flavor of island life, the warmth, openness and hospitality of the local residents. Every day here is a carnival. There is no heat here, the caressing breeze from the ocean pleasantly cools. There are not even any animals dangerous to humans here. Here the crocodiles are only in the form of a roast. And countless fish, birds, and shellfish become not only a delicacy for gourmets, but also the subject of an exciting hunt. The resulting loot can always be “washed” - with the best fiery drink made from cane in the world - rum... Kilometers of the finest white sand and azure blue ocean waters seem specially created for a world-class resort. The rest was done by people: tourism here has a large share of Spanish capital and therefore the service meets the highest requirements. It all starts at the airport: from there you will be taken to your chosen hotel in luxurious vintage cars.

Geography

Area - 110992 sq. km.
The highest point is Turkino Peak 1974 m.
The longest river is Cauto 370 km.

Cuba is located in the West Indies, at the junction of North, Central and South America. In terms of configuration, the territory of Cuba, stretching from west to east for 1250 km, is often compared to a lizard, whose body faces the Atlantic, and whose tail is located at the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea. The distance from Cuba to the United States at the narrowest point of the Strait of Florida is 180 km, to the island of Haiti through the Windward Strait is 77 km, to the island of Jamaica through the Strait of Colon is 140 km, to Mexico through the Yucatan Strait is 210 km.

The length of the island is 1200 km, the width at its widest point is 210 km. The Cuban archipelago covers an area of 110,992 sq. km and has more than 300 natural beaches covered with snow-white sand and surrounded by crystal clear waters. The most famous beach in Cuba is Varadero. The landscapes of Cuba are very diverse. There are valleys, mountains, and hills. The country's main mountain ranges are the Cordillera de Guaniguanico in the west, the Escambray in the center and the Sierra Maestra in the east. The highest mountain in the country, Peak Turquino (1974 m above sea level), is also located in the Sierra Maestra mountains. The rest of the island is fertile plain. There are many caves to admire on the island. Most of the rivers in Cuba are small but have very fast flows. Rivers flow down from the mountains, forming beautiful waterfalls. Particularly interesting are the Agabama and Salto del Carbuni waterfalls. The longest river in Cuba is the Cauto (approximately 370 km), flowing in the eastern part of the island. There are many reservoirs and lakes in Cuba. Amateur ornithologists come here, since Cuba is a migration site for resettled birds.

Time

It is 8 hours behind Moscow.

Climate

The climate of Cuba is tropical trade wind. Warm currents observed in the waters washing the country and constant northeastern winds make the climate mild. The coldest month is January, when the daytime air temperature reaches +25..+27 degrees, and at night the temperature is about 16..18 degrees Celsius. The hottest month is August. During it, in the daytime the air warms up to +30..+32 degrees, and at night it is quite warm - +20..+22 degrees. Relative air humidity is high (70-75%) throughout the year, so the heat in summer is especially difficult to bear.

The average annual precipitation in Cuba varies from 860 mm in the southeast of the island to 1700 mm in its western part. From May to November the rainy season occurs in Cuba. At this time, especially between August and November, strong tropical hurricanes form in the Caribbean region, which then move towards Florida. The rainiest months are June and October, with 180 to 200 mm of rainfall per month. On the coast, the water temperature in winter is about +24 degrees, in summer it warms up to +28 degrees.

Language

The official language is Spanish. However, hotel staff will answer you in English, German, Italian.

Religion

The majority of believers are Catholics (47%), Protestants (4%) and adherents of the so-called “Santeria” - a syncretic cult based on African pagan beliefs, mixed with the cult of some Christian saints. The church is separated from the state, freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed.

Population

Population - about 11.4 million people. The majority of the population (about 2/3) are descendants of immigrants from Spain, the rest are blacks, mulattoes, mestizos; there is also a fairly large Chinese colony on the island. The indigenous population of Cuba was completely destroyed during the years of development of the island by the Spaniards. The Spanish colonists needed a lot of labor to work on the plantations and began importing slaves from central Africa. Over 350 years, the Spanish imported more than 1 million African slaves. For the same reason, between 1853 and 1874, more than 125,000 Chinese were brought to Cuba from Asia. To this day, “China Town” has been preserved in Havana. In addition, Indian slaves were imported, but in small quantities, from Yucatan, Central and South America. There was an intense flow of emigrants from Spain, Germany, France and Britain.

Cuba received a huge number of emigrants from neighboring islands: 250 thousand arrived from the Antilles - Haiti and Jamaica. 850 thousand immigrants arrived from Spain, but not all of them remained to live in Cuba. At the beginning of the 20th century, many Americans settled in Cuba and created their own colonies on the island. Pinos. There were very strong waves of emigration to Cuba during and after the First and Second World Wars. First of all, Jews moved here. The Cuban nation has thus absorbed the characteristics of the peoples of the whole world. Today the population of Cuba is 11 million people. According to official sources, the composition of the Cuban population is as follows: 65% are white, 12% are black, 22% are mulatto.

Electricity

Network voltage: 220V

Emergency numbers

National Police: 82-0116
Fire brigade: 81-1115
Ambulance: 24-2811

Connection

For telephone conversations within the city, pay phones are used, operating both on coins and on cards (much less often). To make a call from a coin-operated machine, you need coins of 5 and 20 centavos. It is difficult to call other cities or provinces. International telephone calls are made exclusively from Telecorreos telephone exchanges, which are available in almost all major hotels. To make a call, you need a special card worth 10 or 25 USD (sold by the hotel administrator). Connection statistics and its cost are displayed on the phone display. One minute of an international telephone call costs about 6.5 USD. Cellular communications and Internet telephony are poorly developed.

To call Cuba you need to dial 8 - 10 - 53 -<код города> - <номер абонента>. Codes of some cities and provinces: Varadero - 5, Villa Clara - 42, Havana - 7, Granma - 23, Guantanamo - 21, Camagüey - 32, Las Tunas - 31, Matanzas - 52, Holguin - 24, Pinar del Rio - 82, Playa Larga - 59, Sancti Spiritus - 41, Santiago de Cuba - 226, Ciego de Avila - 33, Cienfuegos - 432, Topes de Collantes - 2, Trinidad - 419, Juventud Island - 61.

Currency exchange

In Cuba, foreign tourists (one might say) only use dollars. Nobody pays attention to the dilapidation of banknotes. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that upon change you may be given a so-called convertible peso. This type of peso is equal to the dollar 1:1. This is a new Cuban banknote that has nothing in common with the “wooden” Cuban pesos. To avoid getting into trouble, the convertible peso must have “convertible” written on it. As a rule, they are given in small bills: 1.5, 10. The exchange rate of the old Cuban peso to the American dollar is approximately 1:25. Convertible Cuban small change also circulates on par with American cents. Often you will be hit back by both. Credit cards are also in use: VISA, EUROCARD, etc. Due to the political situation, AMERICAN EXPRESS cards are prohibited. You can exchange currency in Cuba in banks and many hotels. When exchanging dollars, a commission fee of 10% of the amount exchanged is charged.

Visa

Citizens of the Russian Federation do not require a visa to visit Cuba for the purpose of tourism for a period of no more than 30 days. When entering the country, you need a foreign passport, the validity of which must be at least 6 months after the end date of the trip, a return ticket, hotel reservation confirmation, and an immigration card in 2 copies. When leaving the country, an airport tax is charged, usually equal to 15-20 Cuban pesos. 1$=0.93 СUC.

Customs regulations

In accordance with the customs legislation of Cuba, duty-free import of 200 pieces is allowed into the country. cigarettes or 250g of tobacco, 1 liter of alcoholic beverages, 250ml of eau de toilette or 50ml of perfume. The import of narcotic and psychotropic substances, weapons and ammunition, pornographic products, and auto parts is prohibited. The export of animals and birds, sea shells, valuable wood, and items of historical and cultural value is prohibited. To export cigars, you must have a receipt from the store and the original packaging. The import and export of foreign currency is not limited. Amounts over 5 thousand dollars are subject to mandatory declaration. Export of national currency is allowed up to 100 pesos. When leaving the country, an airport tax is charged.

Holidays and non-working days

National holidays:
January 1 - New Year and Liberation Day
May 1 - Labor Day
July 26 - Day of the start of the National Uprising
October 10 - Anniversary of the start of the Cuban War of Independence
December 25 - Christmas

Carnivals, festivals, holidays:
Carnivals in Havana, Varadero, Santiago de Cuba - February
Havana International Jazz Festival - February
Havana Cuban Cigar Festival - February
Electroacoustic Music Festival in Varadero - April
Fair in Holguin - May
International Guitar Festival in Havana - May
Feast of Saint John in Trinidad - June
Chariot Carnival in Havana - June-August
Celebration of Spanish-American Culture in Holguin - October
Havana Latin American Film Festival - December

Transport

Municipal transport in the country is quite dilapidated, there are few buses and they often break down, so tourists are not recommended to use public transport. The main city transport is the bus (“va-va”). There are 2 types of buses - “sedentary”, where the number of passengers is clearly limited by the number of seats, and regular cars, which are often packed to capacity. There is no timetable at all, and the routes are often not marked either. The fare is 1-2 CUP.

To get around, it is recommended to use so-called “tourist taxis,” which are fairly modern cars with a radiotelephone and air conditioning. Payment is made only in dollars (approximately 2 USD for 1.5-2 km). A tourist taxi can be ordered from any hotel or by phone, and the movement of the car is constantly monitored by operators, which ensures safety. Regular taxis, where payment is made in pesos, use quite old cars and there are not many of them. Many private owners make money as a driver, especially in Varadero and other resort areas. Their prices are slightly lower than those of state-owned companies, but there is no guarantee.

Shuttles run around the Varadero resort, the drivers of which can be trusted, as well as tourist buses with a ticket costing 4 CUC or EUR for the whole day. By purchasing a ticket once, you can ride this bus all day, getting off at any stop and getting on at any stop an unlimited number of times.

Tips

In restaurants, it is customary to leave a tip of 10% of the amount indicated on the bill.

The shops

As souvenirs and gifts, it is undoubtedly better to purchase products and jewelry made of coral in combination with silver. Also good are the "guayabera" (tropical shirt), folk percussion musical instruments, artistic fabrics, embroidery and lace, as well as items made from tortoiseshell, especially bracelets and hairpins (beware of counterfeits!). You should definitely purchase Cuban rum and real Cuban cigars, among which the most highly valued brands are “Bolivar”, “Cohiba”, “Montecristo”, “Partagas”, “Punch”, “Ramon Allones”, “Sancho Panza”, “H. Upmann” ", "Romeo and Juliet" and "Trinidad". Shops are open from 9.00 to 18.00 (some until 20.00) on weekdays, on Saturdays - from 9.00 to 15.00 (some until 18.00). Supermarkets and shops in resort areas are usually open from 10.00 to 20.00. Most small stores have separate operating hours. Almost all shops close for a “siesta” around noon.

National cuisine

The basis of the Cuban diet is rice and black beans, pork and chicken. Cubans don't really like vegetables, but they love fruits, there are a lot of them and they are always fresh. Mangoes and bananas are very tasty. Baked bananas in Cuban cuisine come from African slaves. Fufu is bananas mixed with other ingredients. Chatinos is a light appetizer for an aperitif, also prepared on the basis of platanos. Cuban cuisine arose from the combined influence of Spanish and African traditions. The national dish is "el ajiaco" - a stew soup with root vegetables and various vegetables, usually prepared with pork. The taste depends on the type of root vegetables and spices used. Other typical dishes include skewered pork, fried banana chips (tachinos, chatinos or tostones), black beans, congri oriental (rice with red beans), moros and cristianos (rice with black beans), chopped steak Havanese style, tamales, bacanes or ayacas (made from tender corn). If you order fruit juices, ask that they be freshly prepared. If your funds are limited, eateries will offer you a set lunch at a fixed price; you choose the dishes yourself. Ice cream is very popular. There are many small restaurants right in the home of Cubans where you can eat for about $4. Speaking of cuisine, we cannot ignore Cuban coffee, which Cubans drink in huge quantities throughout the day. Cuban coffee is very strong and sweet. There are many cafes in cities where you can taste various infusions, decoctions and other drinks. Cubans put large amounts of sugar in all their drinks. The most popular alcoholic drink is rum. The most famous brand of rum is Havana Club. There are three varieties: Carta Oro (gold), Carta Blanca (white) and Anejo (old), which differ in aging. Cubans' favorite rum is Anejo (about $8 per bottle).

Attractions

Havana- administrative, political, cultural, scientific, as well as the main tourist center of the country, a cosmopolitan province. Havana is visited annually by more than half of all foreign tourists coming to the country. Its main charm is the city itself, with its varied architecture, wide avenues and famous boulevards, and especially its historical center, declared a Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 1982. The starting point for the excursion may be El Templete- a small chapel in neoclassical style, built in 1828 on the site where the city is believed to have been founded; Armory Square(Plaza de Armas), Cathedral Square(Plaza de la Catedral) and Old Square(Plaza Vieja), around which are grouped the magnificent ancient buildings and structures that at one time were part of the walled city. Memorial to Jose Marti was opened in 1996, it houses various relics, original objects, documents and engravings related to the life and work of the apostle of the Cuban revolution. At the top of the obelisk - a concrete, marble-clad tower 138.5 m above sea level - is the capital's highest observation deck. More than 47 thousand exhibits are stored in funds Palace of Fine Arts, which, after careful work of expansion, reorganization and restoration, is now considered one of the most significant among such institutions in the world. National Botanical Garden occupies an area of 600 hectares. It is divided into 18 zones, and about a fifth of it is dedicated to native plants. One of the main attractions is Japanese garden, donated by the government of this country in 1989 and created by the master of garden art Yoshikuni Arake.

Provinces Santiago de Cuba has two features that make it unique: its hospitable, cheerful and carefree people and its rich cultural and historical heritage. The main city of the province, founded in 1514, is distinguished by great originality, and its most important feature is the magnificent bay, surrounded by high mountains, over which reigns Fortress of San Pedro de la Roca del Morro, in 1997 declared by UNESCO as a Heritage of Humanity. A similar status was recently given to a system of agro-industrial structures and the remains of more than a hundred coffee plantations in the area of the Gran Piedra Mountains, which were created by the French who fled Haiti. Cespedes Square is the busiest place in the city. The square is surrounded by buildings of great architectural and historical value: it is House-Museum of Diego Velazquez, City Cathedral, former ayuntamiento- the city council, which now houses the provincial government, and the Casa Granda Hotel. The only stepped street in Cuba, Padre Pico street, is a natural observation deck. Here lies the border between the upper and lower parts of the city. The street descends to the Tivoli district, where the famous Santiago Carnival is held. The Castle of San Pedro de la Roca del Morro is a military structure in the Roman style, with two blind ditches and two symmetrical three-tiered bastions where cannons were installed. Its construction began in the 16th century and was completed two centuries later. Currently located here Piracy Museum.

Trinidad de Cuba- a city-museum of colonial architecture, declared by UNESCO a heritage of humanity and a cultural monument of world significance. The city was founded in 1514 by Diego Velazquez. The main cities of the province are Sancti Spiritus and Santisima Trinidad de Cuba, two of the first seven cities founded by the Spanish conquistadors on the island. Times have changed, but Trinidad itself is still the same as it was 2 centuries ago with its Baroque churches, red tile roofs, pavements and wrought iron grilles. It is especially recommended to pay attention to Romantic Museum, Museum of Architecture, Archaeological Museum, Anti-Bandit Museum, Alexander Humboldt Museum of Natural Sciences and Guamuaya Archaeological Museum.

Matanzas - the main city of the province - is called the Cuban Athens, since it is the land of poets, or the Cuban Venice - due to the fact that the city is crossed by two rivers - Yumuri and San Juan, across which five bridges are thrown for the convenience of pedestrians and transport - and guests will It is interesting to get acquainted with the rich cultural heritage of this tranquil city, which grew up on the shores of a huge bay. In the southern part of the province is Zapata Peninsula- a real paradise for lovers of eco-tourism, but in addition, they will undoubtedly be delighted by the fabulously beautiful Yumuri Valley and the banks of the Canimar River, which can be admired from Bacunayagua Bridge A gem of Cuban engineering, this bridge, at 110 m high, is the tallest in the country. Vigia Square is the founding site of the city, from where it began its growth. The square is surrounded by architecturally interesting buildings - Sauto Theater, Junco Palace Museum, fire department building and others. Freedom Square(Plaza de la Libertad) is the city's second Armory Square, which overlooks the White Concert Hall, named after the famous black violinist Jose White, the Triolet Pharmaceutical Museum and the Government House. On the western shore of Matanzas Bay rises Castle of San Severino. Due to its size, it is considered one of the most important Spanish fortresses in America. In the vicinity of the city of Matanzas are the Bellamar caves. About 30 halls have been studied, where large cave paintings, fossils and traces of the habitation of people who lived here 1,600 years ago were discovered.

Resorts

Varadero- the main zone of the Cuban archipelago, attracting those who prefer a holiday by the sea, enjoys well-deserved international fame. This resort on the Hicacos Peninsula has more than 20 km of beaches covered with fine white sand and washed by a sea that shimmers in a variety of shades of blue; a fifth of its territory is part of ecological reserves. In addition, the peninsula has many caves, picturesque escarpments and lagoons; A series of pristine and easily accessible islands stretches along the coast. Varadero's features are complemented by its cultural, historical and natural attractions, closely linked to the neighboring cities of Matanzas and Cárdenas and the Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve, as well as a number of modern, comfortable hotels and an extensive service infrastructure.

Province located in the northeast of the country Holguin famous for being the region where the discovery of Cuba took place. Admiral Christopher Columbus first set foot on the island at a place called Cayo Bariai, where a memorial complex now exists. This was October 27, 1492. The main city of the province of the same name is also called the City of Squares; there is a strong Spanish influence here, its straight streets indicate that it was built according to a strict plan. The city has an active cultural life, especially in May, when the May Fair takes place, and in October, when the Ibero-American Culture Festival is celebrated. There are 41 beaches along more than 40 kilometers of coastline, among which foreign tourists give particular preference to the beaches of Guardalavaca, Playa Esmeralda and Playa Pesquero with their exceptionally beautiful seabed. This province also contains Banes, considered the archaeological capital of Cuba, since more traces of aboriginal habitation have been discovered here than anywhere else in the archipelago. Among the 22 bays found in the province of Holguin is one of the largest in the world and in Cuba - Nipe Bay. But the province also has forests and hills with steep slopes and massive peaks.

Cayo Largo- a small group of islands located in the heart of the Caribbean Sea, 177 km from Havana and 170 km from Varadero. It serves as a refuge for hundreds of tropical birds: flamingos, hummingbirds, gray herons and many others. There are direct air connections with both Havana and Varadero. You can also book a special excursion here from other tourist spots in Cuba. You can get around the island on foot, by bicycle or by car. The waters of the Caribbean Sea are warmer than the Atlantic Ocean off Cuba's northern coast, resulting in richer marine life off the island's shores. The tourist infrastructure has everything necessary to ensure that you are satisfied with your stay on this paradise island. Here you can visit a turtle farm and just a beach where sea turtles lay their eggs.

Cayo Coco- the fourth largest island of Cuba, the main tourist island of the Jardines del Rey (Royal Gardens) archipelago. It is connected to the main island by a 17-kilometer causeway road running along the Bay of Dogs. Before the advent of tourism infrastructure, Cayo Coco was known mainly for the excellent pineapples that grow here. To the north stretch magnificent beaches not even with white sand, but snow-white. In addition to the coral beaches, which are considered perhaps the best in the entire Caribbean, there are excellent conditions for diving, fishing and water sports. The small island is a permanent refuge for flamingos, white ibises, pelicans, herons, cormorants and vultures. Near the island of Cayo Coco, a little to the west is Cayo Guillermo island. This island is also connected to the “mainland” through a causeway.

Island Cayo Santa Maria is located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the islands of Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo and is located opposite the northern coast of the province of Villa Clara. The island is connected to the mainland by a 48.6 km long dam. The distance to Santa Clara International Airport is about 110 km and 386 km to Havana. The location of Santa Maria is unique. You can combine relaxing time on the beach with active culture and entertainment. There are small islands near the island of Cayo Santa Maria Las Brujas and Ensenchos. All three islands have beautiful beaches with soft white sand and very clear water. Their attractive surroundings provide excellent opportunities for fishing, diving, water sports and boat trips along the canals that separate the islets. There is an airport on the island of Las Brujas where local airlines fly from Havana. On the island of Cayo Santa Maria there is a hotel of the Spanish group SOL MELIA: SOL CAYO SANTA MARIA 4*, ALL INCLUSIVE.

Coast Playa Esmeralda is located in the east of the island of Cuba, in the province of Holguin. The highest mountain peak in Cuba is located here and it is here that the most diverse nature is found: more than a hundred beaches, many caves, rivers, mountains, waterfalls and natural springs. It was on this coast that the historical meeting of Columbus's sailors with the Taino Indians took place. The province of Holguin produces the best Cuban beer, the best fishing, the best diving, the most beautiful places. The beaches of Playa Esmeralda offer almost all types of water sports. Among them are windsurfing, sailing, pedal boating, and snorkeling. Diving is especially popular - there are about 20 dive sites in the Playa Esmeralda area.

Cuba is an island of beauty, health and fun, annually welcoming many foreign tourists, including Russians. Of course, everyone who is planning to visit Liberty Island is interested in what language is spoken in Cuba. It is especially important to know this for those who plan to visit the country for the purpose of treatment.

Official language of Cuba

Speaking about which language is the official language in Cuba, it should be noted that Spanish is considered such here. This was the result of the colonization of the island by Spanish conquerors in the 16th century.

The rooting of the Spanish language in Cuba occurred in several stages. Initially, the island was inhabited by Indian tribes of the Taíns, Guanahanabees and Siboneans, who spoke their own dialects. But in 1492, the ships of Christopher Columbus arrived here, and a painful search for mutual understanding began between the Spaniards who landed on the island and the indigenous population, as a result of which the Spanish language underwent significant changes. This explains why the Spanish language, or rather the Cuban dialect of Spanish, is widespread in Cuba.

After exterminating a significant part of the local population, the Spaniards began to bring slaves from Africa to the island to work on the plantations. This contributed to the inclusion of African dialects, which have their own characteristics, in the process of forming the Cuban version of Spanish. And after the liberation of Cuba from colonial dependence, the formation of Cuban Spanish was significantly influenced by the English language, which was brought by the Americans who replaced the Spaniards.

Thus, the national language of Cuba is Spanish, but it has significant differences from traditional Spanish. Moreover, sometimes they are so significant that, having heard local speech, it is impossible to immediately understand what language is widespread here. The Cuban variety of Spanish even received its own name, Espanol Cubano.

That is, to the question of which language is the official one in Cuba, the answer is unequivocal - Spanish. And if you speak this language, you will be able to communicate with the local population, despite some differences in pronunciation.

Popular languages on Liberty Island

When answering the question about what language is spoken in Cuba, it should be noted that although the main language of the country of Cuba is Spanish, there are residents who speak other languages, such as French or English. But there are few of these on Liberty Island. Most often they can be found in popular resorts (Varadero, Cayo Coco, Holguin, etc.), where they work in restaurants, hotels and large entertainment centers. Most local residents do not consider it necessary to know and understand even the most common phrases in English. Moreover, if any of them knows this language, they answer in it extremely reluctantly. This attitude towards English is explained by the not very warm relations that have historically developed between Cuba and the United States.

Despite this, there is a special category of Cubans on Liberty Island. They are called "friends". They speak English fluently and even specifically study the language in order to make money from foreign tourists. "Friends" offer assistance in finding housing, drinks, cigars and other things and are usually extremely friendly. They impose themselves on tourists and spend whole days with them, counting on some kind of support on their part, for example, treating them to food and drinks or monetary rewards.

Language courses in Cuba

When planning a trip to Cuba, you need to understand that without knowing Spanish, communicating with the locals will be very problematic, so before your trip it would be a good idea to learn basic phrases in Spanish. Or you can take up studying Spanish right on the island - fortunately, language schools in Cuba offer both individual and group classes of varying levels of intensity for visitors of any age. In addition, it is possible to combine Spanish lessons with music or dance classes.

The most popular language schools in Havana are Jakera, StudeTeam Cuba and Study & Live in your Teacher’s Home. The latter program provides a unique opportunity through language learning to become more familiar with the culture and traditions of this country. Plus, you'll be the only student, allowing you to learn the language quickly.

It should be noted that studying Spanish on Liberty Island is in no way inferior to studying the same courses in Spain.

Do they speak Russian in Cuba?

Among the Caribbean countries, there is not a single state where the Russian language is as widespread as in Cuba. This is explained by the long-term friendship between the Soviet Union and Cuba. A large number of Cubans were educated in the USSR at one time, and many Cubans married to Russian women live here. On Liberty Island, people still drive Soviet cars, use equipment produced during the Soviet era, and watch Soviet films and cartoons, only in Spanish.

The historically warm relations are still relevant today. The indigenous people of Cuba treat Russians well, considering them “Soviet” tourists. Therefore, finding a Cuban here who knows at least a few words of Russian is not so difficult.

Liberty Island Cuba is a legendary country about which, for all its color, we know not so much. Meanwhile, this island is rich in its history, culture and incredible life experiences. Time stopped in Cuba about three decades ago. And you still have the opportunity to see the world of the past.

What is it like, Cuba on the map

In the north of the Caribbean Sea there is a very interesting, original and definitely memorable country, the Republic of Cuba. It covers not only the central island, but also several smaller ones. It is divided into 16 provinces and also includes the municipality of the Islas Juventud. No matter how large Cuba may seem, its population is about 11,300,000 people.

The state is a member of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. The dominant Communist Party directs politics. The flag of Cuba is colored white, blue and red. The three blue stripes symbolize the Spanish parts of Cuba, the two white stripes symbolize independence, the red triangle symbolizes equality, and the star symbolizes freedom.

Cuba covers a total area of 110,860 square kilometers and a length of 1,250 kilometers. The state borders the USA, Mexico, Jamaica and the island of Haiti. The climate here is tropical, with temperatures ranging from 22 to 30 degrees Celsius.

Where the name Freedom Island came from is not entirely known. It is assumed that the word “Cuba” came from the Taino Indians, who called the island “a beautiful place.” And some historians say that Columbus named the island Cuba in honor of the village of the same name in Portugal.

History of Cuba

Cuba went through a difficult path during its formation. These lands have seen many revolutionary actions. The first civil uprising took place back in 1823, when local residents decided to fight for an independent Spain. From 1868 to 1878, fighting took place here during the Ten Years' War for the independence of the Cuban people. This was followed by a number of revolutionary leaders who introduced their own rules and principles of government to Cuba.

The well-known Fidel Castro came here in 1953. It was with his activities that the Cuban Revolution began, which opposed the ruling dictator Batista. When he fled the island, the “leftist” revolutionaries took the leading position. But the optimistic trend did not last long, as repression soon began in Cuba. Castro was afraid of the dangerous influence of the United States, and actively began to cooperate with the Soviet Union.

It was this, the largest state at that time, that supported Cuba materially and financially. But when Perestroika began in the Union, the relationship changed. And Cuba itself has lost its former power. There was little money, not enough jobs. Stability was achieved only in 1994.

The Church in Cuba operates according to its own rules, because everyone here has the right to their own religion. They mainly profess Catholicism. But sometimes there are examples of Protestantism and African cults, which are built on making sacrifices and worshiping various pagan gods.

They say the language here is predominantly Spanish, but you can also hear English and Italian. In some regions, Dutch, German and various local dialects are spoken.

Cuba and its cities

The capital of Cuba, the city of Havana, is a tourist center and one of the largest in the country. Its total area is almost 727 square kilometers, on which 15 municipalities are located. Havana received capital status in 1902, and at the moment it is the cultural, economic and political center of the country.

There are a lot of museums built in the city, in particular the Colonial, the National, the Jose Marti House Museum and the Museum of the Revolution. You can also see many old restored houses from the 16th-18th centuries. The house-museum of the great writer Ernesto Hemingway, who was impossibly in love with Cuba, is also open.

The second largest city in Cuba by area and importance is Santiago de Cuba. It was built and inhabited at the beginning of the 16th century, and until 1556 it served as the capital of the state. Here, as in the capital, a lot of museums have been opened: ethnographic, municipal, natural history and others.

Tourists come to the south of Cuba to try their hand at recreational diving and see the fortress of San Pedro de la Roca del Morro. By the way, it is in this city that the grave of dictator Fidel Castro is located.

The city of Camagüey was built in the center of Cuba in 1514. Local residents suffered from pirate attacks for several decades, but over time the area has changed. Surrounded by picturesque nature, the city is famous for its numerous attractions - the Ignacio Argamonte Museum, Trabajadores and Soledad squares, and, of course, the Casino Campestre park.

How to organize an unforgettable vacation in Cuba

Despite the fact that Cuba is not the richest country, tourists will definitely have something to see here.

The capital is dominated by the bell-shaped Cathedral of St. Christophe; the building is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It was built from 1767 to the end of the 19th century; the crown of the architectural creation was the frescoes of Giuseppe Perovani. The bells are made of bronze mixed with silver and gold.

Be sure to take a walk along the Prado Boulevard in the capital, this promenade separates the two regions of Havana. Noisy and colorful Cuban weddings take place here, since the Wedding Palace is located on the boulevard. A large Seville hotel was built for tourists, and the old Capitol rises nearby. Walking along the boulevard in the evening, you will certainly see the Bolshoi Theater and Central Park. Walk a little more and you will be on the Malecon embankment.

Scenic and one of the largest parks, the Sierra del Rosario can be seen if you reach the Rosario Ridge. The large park is a protected area with a length of 250 kilometers. This land is home to a tropical forest with more than 800 plant species. At the moment, the park is of particular natural value for UNESCO

And, of course, you can’t come to Cuba without stopping by Hemingway’s house. It was here that the writer lived almost until the end of his life. He was inspired by the unique seascape and fresh salty air. Hemingway arrived in Cuba in 1940, but the house in which he settled was built at the end of the 19th century. Gorgeous views, rum and national flavor inspired the author to write the legendary novel “The Old Man and the Sea.”

In 1961, the writer passed away, and a year later, in tribute to his work, the Cuban authorities made a museum in his house. Everything here is preserved in the form Ernest is used to seeing. Even in the bedroom, on the desktop, they installed an exact copy of the typewriter on which brilliant works were created.

Cuba is something unique

Such another country definitely cannot be found anywhere in the world. And there are plenty of quirks on Liberty Island. Accustomed to prohibitions, repressions and restrictions, Cubans have some other permissions. Surprisingly, the activities of Masonic lodges are still legal here. To this day, there is an organization of Freemasons, including just under 300,000 local residents.

But there are much more prohibitions. For example, one of the strangest rules is the ban on catching and eating lobsters by locals. This product is considered exclusively touristic and is grown or caught by state monopolists. Local residents do not have the right to this product. We are talking not only about lobsters, but also about lobsters. To tell the truth, this rule is, of course, violated. But it still remains within the law and implies imprisonment for several years.

Photography in Cuba is a separate art form. But before you take that coveted photo, make sure it's legal. It is strictly prohibited to photograph administrative and military buildings, cars and any other places. There are quite a lot of KGB officers in all cities, but it’s better not to risk taking photos or videos with them. If you photograph locals or take selfies with them, then first of all, ask permission. You are unlikely to hear a refusal, but if this happens, it is better to immediately erase the photo.

And the most popular entertainment in Havana is the Tropicana show. It features a traditional cabaret with colorful Cuban costumes. The ticket price is 95 Cuban pesos, which includes a pass to the event, a glass of champagne, a can of Coca-Cola and a bottle of rum. The cabaret tells about the rich history of Cuba from the times of the Indians to the dictators Castro.

Cuba and tourism

What does a tourist do when he gets tired of the sights or when there are a little less than a couple of hours left before the plane? Of course, he goes shopping!

The Caribbean coast is rich in its ocean attractions and beauty. In local souvenir shops you can buy bracelets and figurines made from turtle shells. It will be interesting for musicians to bring bongos, for fashionistas - a guayabera shirt. Well, where would we be without the traditional portraits of Che Guevara, which look at tourists from T-shirts, cups, key rings and other things.

You are unlikely to have to buy groceries, but you won’t be able to do it particularly well either. In Cuba, everything is issued with coupons, and there are supermarkets for tourists. To tell the truth, there are only two large shopping centers in Cuba, and only in the capital.

What to try in Cuba?

Of course, drink a glass of rum and, if your tastes permit, light a fragrant cigar and feel like Al Capone. Buying Rum in any city in Cuba is easier than finding a store without a queue. Rum prices are minimal, but the quality matches the price. If you want to try a good cigar, then check out the Cigar Museum. This way you will learn more about this iconic item and buy a quality product at a relatively low price.

As for restaurants, things are not going too well. There are no big five-star restaurants with arches and waiters in bow-ties in Cuba. And even small cafes with three tables with a thatched roof are called a restaurant here. But the food in all establishments is quite tasty. Seafood cuisine is widespread. The same lobsters and spiny lobsters, which are relatively inexpensive here.

Everything about Cuba for tourists

To visit Cuba you will need. The Embassy of Liberty Island welcomes Ukrainian tourists quite warmly, so the documents will be processed quickly. With such a visa you can stay in the country for up to 30 days, and if the atmosphere of the island drags on for some more time, then the Ukrainian embassy will easily extend the documents.

They will cost you about 500-700 dollars. to Cuba ranges from 25 to 50 thousand hryvnia. A hotel in a tourist city will cost approximately 1500 – 2600 hryvnia per day. In smaller cities, hotels cost approximately
1000 – 1500 hryvnia per day. You can give yourself a truly heavenly experience and rent a house, villa or cottage on the coast. This luxury will cost 800 – 2200 hryvnia per day.

There is one fact worth knowing about currency. There are two types of pesos in Cuba. The first is designated as CUP, this currency is less colorfully printed and is intended for local residents. For tourists, the peso is designated as CUC. This is the so-called convertible peso, which is related to the regular peso as 1:25, respectively. Interestingly, in any city in Cuba they accept both currencies. But the quirk still exists.

Video - 13 interesting facts about Cuba

Regarding money, it is also important to know that there are no terminals in the local stores. So you should always have cash with you. It is better to withdraw a large amount from ATMs at once, because the commissions there are literally extortionate. Part of the amount should be kept close to you, and part should be left in the hotel or villa safe. And in general, all valuables should be kept with you. Cuba has a fairly high rate of theft.

When taking photos, do not forget that posting pictures on Instagram will not be very easy. There is no Internet on a large scale in Cuba. It can only be used with a card in certain places. Or in the central areas of the city at the main post office. Or in a hotel, of course.

In Cuba it is a separate world that cannot be compared with anything. Temperamental, emotional and to this day not despondent Cubans will happily share their experience with you for old times sake. Ukrainians are common guests in Cuba. Once upon a time, an annual tour to Cuba was organized for the children of Chernobyl. Now everything is getting better, and Cuba is still waiting for our fellow countrymen. All that’s left to do is find out where Cuba is, order a visa, book a hotel and fly to your sunny vacation.